Ratio of estimated lethal dose to effective dose. Source varies by substance; the detail drawer shows the citation when available. Log scale. † = estimate note present.
Solid bars: lifetime probability of dependence (Lopez-Quintero 2011, Anthony 1994). Dashed bars: clinical estimates, timeframes vary.
Medical danger (bar fill) vs subjective severity (amber marker). Three drug classes can directly kill through withdrawal: alcohol, benzodiazepines, and GHB.
Data from drug checking services in US, Canada, NZ, and Europe.
Solid bars: Nutt et al. (Lancet 2010) - 20 substances scored by expert panel. Dashed bars: estimated by OpenSubstance based on clinical literature.
Worst case: mixing, unknown supply, preexisting conditions.